Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbasis Augmented Reality (AR) Menggunakan Metode Markerless Tracking untuk Edukasi Sains

Abstract

The development of artificial intelligence and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies has opened transformative opportunities for designing immersive, interactive learning media, particularly in basic science disciplines such as astronomy and human anatomy. The main challenge with conventional learning media lies in the limited ability to convey abstract three-dimensional (3D) concepts when they are presented only as two-dimensional (2D) images in textbooks. Marker-based AR methods also often face practical limitations due to their dependence on physical markers that are vulnerable to damage or loss. This study aims to design, implement, and evaluate an interactive AR-based learning media application using a markerless tracking method based on surface plane detection by integrating Google ARCore and the Unity 3D Engine. The application provides an interactive 3D solar system simulation and high-resolution human anatomical organs. Testing was conducted using two main approaches: technical performance evaluation, including frame rate (FPS), plane detection latency, and the effects of distance and lighting intensity; and user usability evaluation using the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire administered to 35 student and educator respondents. The technical testing results showed that the markerless tracking method was able to detect flat surfaces consistently, with an average latency of 1.45 seconds under tested lighting conditions above 150 lux, while maintaining an optimal frame rate averaging 58.2 FPS on mid-range smartphones. The usability evaluation resulted in an average SUS score of 87.5, categorized as Grade A / Excellent, demonstrating that the application is highly effective, flexible, and intuitive in improving users' visual understanding of interactive science concepts.