Paradigma Positivistik, Konstruktivistik, dan Pragmatik dalam Penelitian Pendidikan

Abstract

This article examines three main paradigms in educational research: positivist, constructivist, and pragmatic, with a focus on their ontological, epistemological, and methodological foundations. Using a conceptual study approach, this review maps the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of each paradigm and their relevance in improving the quality of educational research. The positivist paradigm emphasizes objectivity and a quantitative approach to uncover cause-and-effect relationships. The constructivist paradigm focuses on gaining deep understanding of meaning and experience through flexible qualitative methods. Meanwhile, the pragmatic paradigm prioritizes practical usefulness through adaptive mixed methods. The study finds that selecting the appropriate paradigm, aligned with the research objectives, can produce valid, relevant findings that impact educational development. This review provides guidance for researchers to design studies that are reflective and responsive to field needs.